ENDNOTES
<1>:Barbour
1966: 326-7. Also see Birch 1979: 56-7; Hartshorne and Reese 1953; and Jaki 1966: Chap. 1.
<2>:See,
for instance, Birch and Cobb 1981:
132-3.
<3>:Smith
1982: 668.
<4>:Capra
1977a.
<5>:Sharpe
1987.
<6>:Sharpe
1990; 1991.
<7>:Popper
1982: 36. See also Bohm 1988: 111-4;
Jammer 1988: 692; and Sudbery 1988.
<8>:Bohm,
Hillion, Takabayasi and Vigier 1960;
Bohm, Hillion and Vigier 1960;
and De Broglie, Bohm, Hillion, Halbwachs, Takabayasi and Vigier 1963: 438-9.
That elementary particles are extended structures has become an important
contemporary research question in the guise of superstring theories. See
Anthony and Green 1985;
Brown 1991;
Davies and Brown 1988;
Freedman and van Niewehuizen 1985;
Green 1986;
Taubes 1986; and
Thomsen 1986g.
<9>:Bohm
and Hiley 1975: 95.
<10>:Hiley
1980: 80-1.
<11>:Barbour
1966: 300-1.
<12>:Barbour
1966: 299 (see also Barbour 1955: 11); Bohm and Hiley 1982; and Toulmin 1962: 17.
<13>:See
Bohm 1987c; and
Earman 1986.
<14>:Gudder
1979: 59.
<15>:Marshall 1985:
265-7; Siegel 1963; Temple
1982: 364; and Vigier 1957: 77. Cushing 1991b: 39 suggests Bohm's approach anticipates and agrees
with that of modern chaos theory (see also Anon. 1990b). Lindsay 1957: 32 accuses Bohm of identifying causality with
determinism. As in its title, Bohm 1957a
deals in depth with the questions of causality and chance (see also Bohm and
Schützer 1955;
and Osborne 1985).
For a discussion of causality and science, see Puterman 1977. Marshall 1985: 266
claims "Bohm's theory between 1952
and 1980 has
evolved...toward acausality." Dingle 1970 derives a theory of causality for quantum
physics that he feels Bohm fathered.
<16>:Some
describe Bohm's hidden variables/quantum potential interpretation of quantum
physics as being like a sub-quantum dynamic fluid interpretation, and it is
often incorporated under stochastic approaches. In this the velocity of a
particle has a random component in addition to what it has in his causal theory
(even though Zeilinger 1988
criticizes calling Bohm's theory causal, I will follow the custom of doing so).
See Bohm and Hiley 1989;
1991; Fine 1989; Petroni 1985: 199; Tarozzi and van der Merwe 1985: Part 2; and Wheeler and Zurek 1983: 779.
<17>:Jeffreys
and von Neumann, respectively, quoted in Hanson 1958: 153 and 230;
see also ibid., p. 172.
<18>:Toulmin
1962: 9.
<19>:Besides
hidden variables and related matters foundational to quantum physics, Bohm has
written on several subjects including the many-body problem and plasma physics,
the theory of the synchrotron, and the self-oscillations of a charged particle;
see Bohm 1959;
Bohm and Carmi 1964;
Bohm and Foldy 1946;
1947; Bohm and
Gross 1948; 1949a; 1949b; 1950; Bohm, Huang and Pines 1957; Bohm and Peat 1987: 4-5;
Bohm and Pines 1950;
1951; 1953; Bohm and Weinstein 1948; Bohm, Weinstein and Kouts 1949; Carmi and Bohm 1964; Ford and Bohm 1950; and Pines and Bohm 1952. See also Gross 1987; and Pines 1987. His work on plasma physics
is foundational to the subject; see Amini 1985; Aston 1980; Carini 1983; Coakley 1980; Hiley and Peat 1987b: 3; Main 1984; and Parish 1980.
<20>:Briggs
and Peat 1984: 95-6; 1987:
70. See also Jammer
1988: 691.
<21>:Bohm
1951: 29 and 623; see also pp. 101, 114-5,
139, and 622-3.
<22>:Folse
1985 provides
interesting background on Bohr's own holistic thinking; see especially pp. 48-9. See also Folse 1987; and 1989b.
<23>:Bohm
and Hiley 1982: 1014. See also Bernstein 1984/85: 8;
Jammer 1974: 219, 279; Temple
1982: 361-2; and comments by Yuval Ne'eman and Abraham Paris
in Woolf 1980: 267.
<24>:Belinfante
1973: xvi.
<25>:Bohm
1957a: ix-xi; 1980b: 76; 1988: 14;
Bohm and Hiley 1982;
1984: 256, referring to de Broglie 1960; and Jammer 1988: 694. See also de Broglie 1926; 1927a; 1927b; 1928;
1963; 1970; 1987; and Flato, Maric, Milojevic, Sternheimer
and Vigier 1976.
Madelung could be added to de Broglie's name as giving a precursor to Bohm's
theory; see Wesley 1983:
105-8. Jammer 1974: Chap. 7; Kaliski 1970;
Rosen 1985; and
Wheeler and Zurek 1983:
777-8 survey hidden variables theories
including those prior to Bohm's.
<26>:Bohm
1952a; 1952b; 1952c; 1953a; 1953b;
1953c; 1953d; 1962a (as 1980b: 76-110); Bohm, Schiller and Tiomno 1955; Bohm and Vigier 1954; and 1958. See also Blokhintsev 1978: Chap. 14 (reflecting his early 1950s work); Bohm and Hiley 1975: 96-101;
Belinfante 1973:
Part II, Chap. 2; de
Broglie 1960:
Part 2; d'Espagnat 1983: 90-1;
Epstein 1952; 1953; Fényes 1952; Freistadt 1953: 220-1;
1957; Halpern 1952; Harvey 1966; Jammer 1988: 694; Kershaw 1964 (note Nelson 1966); Régnier, Schatzman and Vigier 1952; Rosenfeld 1953: 403-4;
Schatzman 1952;
Steiger 1954;
Takabayasi 1952; 1953; 1984; Vigier 1952; Weizel 1953a; 1953b; and 1954.
With regard to de Broglie and his objectors, see Bohm 1952b; Bohm 1953b: 283; Bohm and Hiley 1982: 1003, 1014;
Bohm and Vigier 1954;
de Broglie 1960:
Chap. 14; 1963: 131-3;
Dewdney and Hiley 1982:
28; and Jammer 1974: 111-4.
<27>:Jammer
1988: 692.
<28>:Keller
1953; and Pauli 1953 are two publications posing
important difficulties to which Bohm and Vigier 1954 reply. Halpern 1952 is replied to in Bohm 1952c (see also Belinfante 1973: 118-21;
and Jammer 1974: 278-96 - but with regard to this last reference,
see also Temple 1982:
364). Takabayasi 1952 and 1953 are replied to in Bohm 1953b. For a list of criticisms,
also see Rosenfeld 1957;
1958 (but see
also de Broglie and Rosenfeld 1958).
See also Finkelstein 1987:
289.
<29>:Bohm
1957b: 33.
<30>:Bohm
1953b: 280-1.
<31>:Davies
and Brown 1986: 133-4.
<32>:In
his initial exposition on hidden variables Bohm writes that, while the usual
interpretation of quantum theory is consistent, it is based on an
experimentally untestable assumption related to the one Heisenberg had made.
This tenet is that the most complete specification possible for a system is in
terms of a wave function that, because of its mathematical definition, can only
determine the probable result of an actual measurement. He considers there is
only one way to investigate the truth of this assumption, and that is to use an
alternative interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of variables that are
at present hidden. See Bohm 1952a:
166. For an
elaboration on the notion of probability used here, see Vigier 1957.
<33>:Bohm
1953c: 458. See also Bohm 1980b: 65; and Bohm and Vigier 1954.
<34>:Bohm
1952a: 166; 1957b: 33, 35-7; see also Bohm 1980b: 78.
<35>:Bohm
1952a: 166.
<36>:See
Belinfante 1973: 94; and Bell 1982.
<37>:Aharonov
and Albert 1987: 224; Bohm 1953b: 279; and Jammer 1988: 694.
<38>:Bohm
1952c; and Bohm
and Vigier 1954: 215.
<39>:Bohm
and Bub 1966a: 462; see also their 1966b; 1968; Bohm 1969a: 443-6; 1971c: 102-16; 1980b: 80-110;
Belinfante 1973:
Part II, Chap. 4;
Bub 1968; 1973: 51; and Jammer 1974: 312-8.
Cerofolini considers the Bohm-Bub hidden variables theory to be formally
equivalent to his sub-quantum physics; see Cerofolini 1982; and 1988.
<40>:Dewdney
and Hiley 1982: 47; Landergott 1973; and Tutsch 1968: 232. See also Tutsch 1969. For instances of its
modification, see Tutsch 1968;
and Belinfante 1973.
It is interesting to note, as well, that the Birkbeck School
consider the Bohm-Bub theory to be an extension or modification or restatement
of the original Bohm version, whereas many commentators treat them as two
different, though related, theories; see Bohm and Hiley 1975: 97; and Jammer 1988: 695.
<41>:Longtin
and Mattuck 1984:
685-6.
<42>:Actually,
it is a quantum mechanical state vector that collapses into an eigenstate.
<43>:Bohm
and Bub 1966a: 453. But see Christensen and
Mattuck 1982.
<44>:Bohm
and Bub 1966a: 466; see also Bohm 1980b: 82-5,
105-9. Papaliolios 1967.
<45>:Bohm
1969a: 446. See also Papaliolios 1967: 624; Tutsch 1968: 232; and 1969:
1116.
<46>:Freedman,
Holt and Papaliolios 1976:
47. See also
Belinfante 1973:
xvi, 163 and Part
II Chap. 5.
<47>:Bohm
and Bub 1966a: 467; Bohm 1988: 112; Belinfante 1973: 162. See also Bell
1987b.
<48>:Hanson
1958: 173. See also his 1963: Chap. 6; and Jammer 1988: 694. Bohm showed Pauli's criticisms were
wrong.
<49>:Quoted
in Jammer 1988: 694.
<50>:Von
Neumann 1955: x, 209-11, 323-8; Bohm 1971c: 97-102;
Bohm 1980b: 70-1; Bohm and Bub 1966a: 460-2. See also Capasso, Fortunato, and
Selleri 1970; and
Clauser and Wigner 1971.
A summary of von Neumann's ideas can be found in Bell
1966 (regading Bell, Bohm, and von
Neumann, see also Crease and Mann 1988:
88-90); and in Jammer 1974: 265-78.
See Jauch and Piron 1963:
827-9 for a history of the question and
of von Neumann's results. Popper 1982:
11-4 provides further historical
background. Albertson 1961;
and Zinnes 1958
restate von Neumann's proof in other forms.
<51>:Belinfante
1973: Part I and 162; Jammer 1974: 296-302,
312-39. For other difficulties it
faces, see Tutsch 1969:
1116ff; and
Teller 1977.
<52>:Jauch
and Piron 1968: 228. See also Jauch 1968: Chap. 7; 1976; and Jauch and Piron 1963, which is based on a formulation of
quantum physics by Piron published in 1964.
Piron 1972
simplifies Gleason's 1957
theory.
<53>:Gudder
1968a: 231; see also Greechie and Gudder 1973; Gudder 1968b; 1979: 60-1;
and 1983: 114-6.
<54>:Bell 1966 tries to prove that the arguments
of von Neumann, of Jauch and Piron, and of Gleason, make unreasonable
assumptions. He is also critical of the attempts by Bohm up to a 1962 publication to undermine von
Neumann's theorem (see also Bell
1987). See, for
instance, Bohm 1952b.
<55>:Tutsch
1968: 232. See also Bohm and Bub 1968; Hübner 1983: 80-1;
Jauch and Piron 1968;
and Turner 1968.
For instance, Bohm and Bub think Jauch and Piron's argument is circular. For
Jauch and Piron to conclude hidden variables cannot exist requires an assumption.
This assumption is equivalent to their conclusion that current quantum physics
is the only theory that correctly describes experimental results. See Bohm and
Bub 1966b: 470. Bub 1974b surveys this whole question; see also
Bub 1976; 1977; and MacKinnon 1981. Bub still finds the
relationship between these various proofs and hidden variables theories
obscure, even after what he calls Bell's
excellent analysis. See Bub 1969:
101.
<56>:Misra
1967: 841-3. Bohm 1957a
states this criticism thoroughly.
<57>:The
reasons Misra raises against the hidden variables theories of Bohm, and Bohm
and Bub do not seem convincing; they could be just as strong in motivating a
person to improve those theories.
<58>:Rédei
1986 attempts to
strenthen Misra's case. Gudder's later approaches are similar to Misra's. He
shows the proofs of von Neumann and his successors do rule out some hidden
variables theories. He thinks, however, that a type of hidden variables theory
is possible for quantum physics. He thinks this even though these theories do
not seem any simpler or better to him and people rarely use them. Examples he
gives are the theories of Bohm and Bub, Einstein, and his own. See Gudder 1979: 59-65;
see also Gudder 1970:
431-2: a hidden variables "theory
is always possible" in quantum physics in its present framework.
Ochs 1972
challenges Gudder; the latter replies in his 1972. He may have more recently changed his mind
about the desirability of using hidden variables; see Gudder and Armstrong 1985. Jordan and Sudarshan 1991 show that quantum mechanics
allows no hidden variables at all.
<59>:Bub
1969: 101-2 (he reiterates the same ideas in a book - 1974b; see also his 1981 - a few years later); Kochen
and Specker 1965;
1967; and Specker
1975. See also
Bub 1968;
Demopoulos 1977;
Latzer 1974; and
Smith 1977: 345.
<60>:Bub
1969: 102.
<61>:Tutsch
1969: 1116.
<62>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 259; and Bohm 1969a: 446. See also ibid., pp. 446-7; and Bohm and Bub 1966a: 466.
<63>:Popper
1985: 15-6.
<64>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 259. See also de Muynck 1987.
<65>:Quigg
1985: 84.
<66>:Hawking
1985: 146-7.
<67>:Hiley
relates in his 1971:
181 that his
motivation for attempting to go beyond quantum theory springs mainly from the
problems arising at very high energies. He believes the root of the difficulties
is in the quantum description. At the low energy domain there is no reason to
question its validity. He goes on to show how the holomovement theory now
promoted by the School may solve the problems raised (ibid., pp. 188-9).
<68>:Philippidis,
Dewdney and Hiley 1979:
17. See also Temple 1982: 362.
<69>:Jammer
1988: 693 describes this well. Honig 1988 interprets the quantum
potential with his "fluid droplet electron model." Compare also with
Kyprianidis's use of the Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
<70>:See,
for instance, Philippidis, Bohm and Kaye 1982. Bohm, Hiley and Kaloyerou 1987: 323-48
discuss the quantum potential theory in detail, in particular showing how it
produces the differences between the classical and the quantum theories (see
also Bohm 1988b).
<71>:Bohm
and Hiley 1976b: 176-7; Davies and Brown 1986: 39; and Jammer 1988: 696.
See also Bohm and Hiley 1975:
97-9; 1982: 1005-6; 1984: 259-62; Bohm, Dewdney and Hiley 1985: 296; and Philippidis, Dewdney and Hiley 1979: 27.
<72>:Philippidis,
Dewdney and Hiley 1979:
25; but their
result has been criticized as not fitting the double slit flux that is actually
observed - see Wesley 1983:
107. See also
Hiley 1985: 239-42. Dewdney 1987; 1988c; and 1988d
describe how the Birkbeck interpretation accounts for two-particle,
nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Another paper uses the quantum potential
approach to describe "one-dimensional time-dependent scattering of wave
packets from square barriers and square wells"; Dewdney and Hiley 1982: 27 - see also Dewdney 1985; 1988a; Dewdney and Holland 1988; Hiley 1985: 245-8;
and Lam and Dewdney 1990.
See also Bell 1987b; and Holland
1982.
<73>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 260.
<74>:Bohm
and Hiley 1980: 267-9 also distinguish between active information and
inactive information. They thus move to the solution of the measurement problem
that the following section discusses. See also Davies and Brown 1986: 128; and Horodecki 1988.
<75>:Bohm
and Hiley 1985;
Halpern 1986; and
Thomsen 1986f: 27. Quantum theory is now finding
several other applications at the macroscopic level; see, for example, Clark 1987;
Leggett 1984; and
1988.
<76>:Bohm,
Dewdney and Hiley 1985:
297; but see
Umakantha, Bohm, Dewdney and Hiley 1986.
Davies and Brown 1986:
38-9 suggest that the quantum potential
approach could mean signals travel backwards in time, thus creating a causal
paradox. Bohm ibid., pp. 125-6 does not agree; neither does Hiley
(ibid., pp. 141-2).
<77>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 256; see also ibid., p. 260; and Bohm 1984: 781 (in which he refers to Bohm and Hiley 1982: 1001).
<78>:Bohm
and Hiley 1976b: 175.
<79>:Bohm,
Dewdney and Hiley 1985:
297. See also
Philippidis, Bohm and Kaye 1982:
80.
<80>:Bopp,
quoted in Philippidis, Dewdney and Hiley 1979: 18.
Bopp also says Bohm's theory is not "physics but metaphysics"; Körner
1957: 51.
<81>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 257. Concerning the measurement
problem, see, for instance, Rae 1986;
Smolin 1985: 40-1; and Wigner 1963.
<82>:Bohm
and Bub 1966a: 457. See also Bell 1966: 448,
n. 8; and Bub 1969: 121-2.
<83>:Dewdney
and Hiley 1982: 46-7. Bohm 1969a:
439-43 describes how this assumption of
the completeness of the reigning quantum theory leads to the measurement
problem. There are many publications assessing the inadequacies of the Copenhagen interpretation
and suggesting the need for another one; see, for example, Hodgson 1989; and Stuart 1991.
<84>:Some
even say consciousness is a hidden variable. See, for example, Ballentine et
al. 1971: 39; Bohm and Hiley 1976b; d'Espagnat 1969; Gardner 1982; Gribbin 1984: 205-13;
Smolin 1985: 42-3; Snyder 1989;
Talbot 1981:
Chap. 1; Toben,
Sarfatti and Wolf 1975:
11, 134; Trigg 1980: 154-60;
Walker 1974;
Wassermann 1983;
Wheeler 1977b;
and Wigner 1962; 1963; 1969a; 1969b; 1970b;
1970c; 1972; 1973. However, also see Bohm and Hiley 1976b: 173; Bohm, Dewdney and Hiley 1985: 294; and Rae 1986: 63-74.
Von Neumann would say the change of state of a physical system being observed
is completed only when the observer's consciousness registers the result of the
observation. For critiques of von Neumann's and of Bohr's (inseparability of
observer and observed) approaches, see Shimony 1963. Cramer's 1986 interpretation of quantum mechanics is
similar to Wigner's; see Thomsen 1987.
<85>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 257. Shimony 1963: 772-3,
n. 33 is a brief
assessment of Everett's "many worlds" solution; see also Ballentine
et al. 1971;
Bohm, Hiley and Kaloyerou 1987:
346-7; DeWitt 1968; 1970; 1971;
Everett 1957;
Wheeler 1957;
other papers in DeWitt and Graham 1973;
and, for a popular account, Gribbin 1984:
Chap. 11. Bell 1981
interestingly likens the Everett
theory with that of Bohm (and de Broglie). See also Wilber 1982b: 172-9.
Squires 1987
suggests a related view to Everett's,
the "many views of one world" interpretation (see also Anon. 1987b).
<86>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 257. See also ibid., pp. 268-9; Bohm 1969a:
444; Bohm and
Hiley 1984; and
Dewdney, Garuccio, Guéret, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1985. Zeh 1988 criticizes both the Birkbeck and Everett's solutions to the
measurement problem. Thomsen 1986d
describes recent developments about the measurement problem.
<87>:Bohm
1952a: 167; 1957a: Chap. 3; 1969a:
439; 1980b: 65-76;
but see Stapp 1972;
and 1985c. See
also Trigg 1980: 156.
<88>:One
can also talk of the random thermal motions of the particles comprising the
apparatus significantly affecting the particle being observed, but that cannot
be controlled or predicted exactly.
<89>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 256-7; Bohm 1980b:
88-105; and Hiley 1985: 249-54.
There is a discrepancy between the early and the later Heisenberg with regard
to this; see Temple
1982: 364.
<90>:Bohm
1957b: 33-7; and Bohm 1952b.
<91>:Bohm
1969a: 439-43; and Dewdney and Hiley 1982: 46-7.
Related to the above discussion, see Hübner 1983: Chap. 2
for a critique of both Bohm's and the Copenhagen
approaches to the question of causality; Fröhlich 1987; and Rosen 1987.
<92>:Toulmin
1962: 17-9.
<93>:Bohm
1953b: 283-5.
<94>:Cranston 1974 develops Bohm's idea of
causality further. The nonlocality results of the EPR experiments described in
later chapters beg the question of causality; see Skyrms 1985.
<95>:Bohm
1969a: 439-43.
<96>:Bohm
1969a: 439-43.
<97>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984: 256.
<98>:Belinfante
1973: 164; but see Bohm 1971c: 112-3;
Bohm and Bub 1966a:
466; and Fox and
Rosner 1971. See
also Audi 1973: 97; Putnam 1965: 87; Körner 1957: 46-89; and the interesting comments in
Feyerabend 1960: 326, n. 1. The same statement is made much later in
Bohm and Hiley 1984:
255.
<99>:Quoted
in Feyerabend 1960:
330, n. 1. See also de Broglie and Rosenfeld
1958; and Rosenfeld
1953: 403-4.
<100>:Peres
1978: 745.
<101>:Popper
1982: 174-5.
<102>:Finkelstein
1987: 292-3.
<103>:Hanson
1962: 91-3. See also Anon. 1966; and Hanson's criticism in his 1963: Chaps 5 and 6.
<104>:This
is a different mood about Bohm's work for Hanson than the one he expressed in
the conclusion to his famous 1958
publication (pp. 174-5): "At this stage it would be
venturesome to try finally to settle this matter; nonetheless...its conceptual
significance will be missed by anyone who fails to see how much was at work
when physicists of the past disagreed, and missed also by anyone who thinks of
the history of physics as just a march of better observations and more accurate
experiments." See also Heisenberg 1955: 17-9; and 1958: 130-3,
where he argues that Bohm's hidden variables proposal says nothing about
physics that is different from what the Copenhagen
interpretation says. He then goes on to argue against choosing Bohm's language
as being more suitable than the Copenhagen
side because it is not an improvement. Bohm replies in his 1962c.
<105>:Polkinghorne
1988: 339; see also Polkinghorne 1984: 57; 1986: 10-1; and 1989: 83. Despite what Polkinghorne writes, Bohm's
theories do now apply in relativistic situations, as I mention below. Russell 1988: 371, n. 12 similarly questions Polkinghorne's appraisal of
Bohm regarding special relativity and his underlying philosophical judgements.
See also Cushing 1991a;
and 1991b.
<106>:D'Espagnat
1983: 16.
<107>:Jauch
1976: 123.
<108>:Smolin
1985: 43. See also Rosen 1985.
<109>:von
Weizsäcker and Görnitz 1991.
<110>:Honig
1987a: xiv.
<111>:Barbour
1966: 299-301; Garstens 1971: 87; and Körner 1957: 51.
<112>:Bohm
1957a. Russell 1983 analyzes Bohm's hidden
variables physics as a research program. In this context its philosophical
strengths and weaknesses in comparison with those of the Copenhagen school clearly emerge.
<113>:D'Espagnat
1986: 944. See also his 1987d.
<114>:Bohm
and Hiley 1984.
See also Bell 1987b; Bohm and Hiley 1985b; 1991; Hiley 1989: 11-4;
1989b: 187-8; and Moylan 1982.
<115>:Longtin
and Mattuck 1984:
685. Two years
previous to this, an article appeared written by Mattuck and Christensen that
details the modification of the original Bohm-Bub hidden variables theory
through the work of Tutsch and Belinfante, but which still was inadequate
because it was not relativistically covariant; Christensen and Mattuck 1982: 348.
<116>:Bohm,
Hiley and Kaloyerou 1987:
349-75; Kaloyerou 1985; and Lima Vargas Moniz 1988; see also Bohm 1988: 119-21;
Bohm and Hiley 1991;
Hiley 1989: 11; and Pitowsky 1991.
<117>:Bohm,
Dewdney and Hiley 1985:
294; Hellmuth,
Zajonc and Walther 1985;
Jonas 1986;
Miller and Wheeler 1984;
Thomsen 1986h;
Umakantha, Bohm, Dewdney and Hiley 1986;
and Wheeler 1978.
The quantum potential approach also accounts for the results of neutron
interferometry experiments (see Dewdney 1988a; and 1988b)
and for an anomalous photoelectric effect (see Kyprianidis 1987).
<118>:Tutsch
1968: 234. He elaborates his thoughts
further in Tutsch 1969.
<119>:Bohm
and Hiley 1989;
and 1991: 247-9. See also Anon. 1990; and Götsch, Koch, Lüning, Scheer, and Schmidt 1988. Panarella 1987 claims experimental
preference for the effective photon hypothesis approach to quantum theory over
that of the quantum potential theory.
<120>:Toulmin
1962: 11, 19-22.
<121>:Temple 1982: 365; see also Maxwell 1988; Peat 1988; Penrose 1989: 280-1;
and Rosen 1988.
Casti 1989: 491 says that, while his mind is
with the quantum potential approach, his heart is not; his is a half-way step.
<122>:There
are, of course, other hidden variables theories both before and after Bohm's
proposals, and these also continue to foster research interest. See, for
example, Accardi 1988;
Belinfante 1973;
Fine 1974; 1989; Flanagan 1988; Graber 1989; Gudder 1972; 1980; 1984a; 1984b;
Gudder and Armstrong 1985:
1009, which
refers to some more recent attempts; Hnilo 1991; Honig 1987a; 1987b;
Pignedoli 1988: 188-9; Pitowsky 1983; Pollini 1988; Rédei 1985; 1986;
Robinson 1985;
and Shimony 1986
(Shimony 1984b;
and 1989: 387-9, 395
questions Bohm's program; Bohm and Hiley 1984b reply; and Shimony 1989b: 30 furthers the discussion). Vigier 1980 finds new impetus for
continuing the development of a version of hidden variables theory akin to, but
not the same as (Bohm and Hiley 1984b;
Bitsakis 1985: 69) Bohm's (Bohm and Vigier 1954; 1958). See also Andrade e Silva, Selleri and
Vigier 1983;
Barut, Bozic and Maric 1988;
Croca 1987;
Cufaro-Petroni 1987;
1988; 1988b; Cufaro-Petroni, Dewdney,
Holland, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1984;
1985; 1985b; 1987 (but see Costa de Beauregard 1987); Cufaro-Petroni,
Droz-Vincent and Vigier 1981;
Cufaro-Petroni, Garuccio, Selleri and Vigier 1980; Cufaro-Petroni, Gueret, Kyprianidis and Vigier
1985;
Cufaro-Petroni, Guéret and Vigier 1984a;
1984b; 1988; Cufaro-Petroni, Gueret,
Vigier and Kyprianidis 1985a;
1985b;
Cufaro-Petroni, Kyprianidis, Maric and Vigier 1984; Cufaro-Petroni, Maric, Zivanovic and Vigier 1980; 1981; Cufaro-Petroni and Vigier 1981; 1982; 1983; 1983b;
1983c; 1984; Dewdney, Garuccio, Guéret,
Kyprianidis and Vigier 1985;
Dewdney, Garuccio, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1984; 1984b;
Dewdney, Guéret, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1984; Dewdney, Holland and Kyprianidis 1986; 1987a; 1987b; Dewdney, Holland, Kyprianidis, Maric and
Vigier 1986;
Dewdney, Holland, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1985; 1986a;
1986b; 1988; Dewdney, Kyprianidis and
Vigier 1984;
Dewdney, Kyprianidis, Vigier, Garuccio, Guéret 1984; Garuccio 1985; Garuccio, Kyprianidis, Sardelis and
Vigier 1984;
Garuccio, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1984;
Garuccio, Popper and Vigier 1981;
Garuccio, Rapisarda and Vigier 1982;
Garuccio and Vigier 1980;
Guéret 1985;
Guéret, Holland, Kyprianidis and Vigier 1985; Guéret and Vigier 1982a; 1982b; 1982c;
1983; 1984; Halbwachs, Piperno and
Vigier 1982;
Holland 1987; 1988b; Holland, Kyprianidis and
Vigier 1985;
Holland, Kyprianidis, Maric and Vigier 1986; Holland and Vigier 1985; 1988; Kamefuchi et al. 1984: 368; Kyprianidis 1985; 1988a;
1988b;
Kyprianidis and Sardelis 1984;
Kyprianidis, Sardelis and Vigier 1984;
Vigier 1982; 1985; 1985b; 1987; 1988;
1988b; 1991; and Vigier, Dewdney,
Holland, and Kyprianidis 1987.
Wesley 1983; and 1988 develops a causal theory
based on the quantum potential and Bohm's early work; see Phipps 1985. See also Ryff 1990.
<123>:Current
superstring physical theories share this in common with those of Bohm, that
they shy away from considering particles as extensionless points in a
co-ordinate frame - the former treat particles as extended objects. See Anthony
and Green 1985.
<124>:Bohm
1963b; 1969b; 1971d: 361-2,
367; Briggs and
Peat 1984: 106-8; and Hiley 1980: 81.
Note also that the word "order" is something Bohm finds he cannot
define. He can only intimate its use b